The end of World War I coincided with the defeat of the Ottoman empire by France and Britain, which in turn led to the empire’s dismemberment in 1920 and formal dissolution in 1922. In an interview with Spiked, Eugene Rogan—recently the author of The Fall of the Ottomans—comments on the empire’s role in the war and the errors made by the Western powers in overseeing its demise. For instance, the British, encouraged by T.E. Lawrence, decided to support the rulers of Mecca in revolting against the sultan, hoping that this would spark a region-wide Arab revolt:

Their mistake, of course, was to assume that Muslims behave in a collectively radical way. It is an assumption Westerners often make about Islam. And it is wrong. And it is part of what also drove the Ottomans’ German allies to push the sultan to call for jihad [against the Allies], because they also believed Muslims would respond in a collective way, and it explains why Britain overreacted, [fearing its Muslim subjects in India would be provoked to revolt]. The irony of course is that it left British war planners responding more actively to the call for jihad than did global Muslims. . . .

As for the carving up the Middle East by France and Britain in the 1916 Sykes-Picot agreement and the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, Rogan comments:

I think the past century has made sovereign reality out of the borders imposed by the European imperial powers. And while I wouldn’t want to make them sacrosanct, I’m very suspicious of attempts by analysts in Europe or America to redraw the boundaries. I think we should be humble. The experience of Westerners drawing boundaries has not been successful. It hasn’t been a happy experience for the people of the region. They have been enduring boundaries, but they have fostered enduring conflicts.

So the way I would put it is that any changes to Middle Eastern borders should come only as exercises in self-determination. . . . And I think the real issue [is]: can overturning the post-World War I boundaries be done in such a way that it doesn’t provide the fault lines for new conflicts to wrack the Middle East? My view is that the borders more or less as they stand now will survive, but, with the emergence of a new age of statehood in a post-Arab Spring Middle East, a lot of the regionalisms will only be satisfied by a more federal system.

While it is commendable that administrators of several universities finally called upon police to crack down on violent and disruptive anti-Israel protests, the actions they have taken may be insufficient. At Columbia, demonstrators reestablished their encampment on the main quad after it had been cleared by the police, and the university seems reluctant to use force again. The school also decided to hold classes remotely until the end of the semester. Such moves, whatever their merits, do nothing to fix the factors that allowed campuses to become hotbeds of pro-Hamas activism in the first place. The editors of National Review examine how things go to this point:

Since the 10/7 massacre, Columbia’s Jewish students have been forced to endure routine calls for their execution. It shouldn’t have taken the slaughter, rape, and brutalization of Israeli Jews to expose chants like “Globalize the intifada” and “Death to the Zionist state” as calls for violence, but the university refused to intervene on behalf of its besieged students. When an Israeli student was beaten with a stick outside Columbia’s library, it occasioned little soul-searching from faculty. Indeed, it served only as the impetus to establish an “Anti-Semitism Task Force,” which subsequently expressed “serious concerns” about the university’s commitment to enforcing its codes of conduct against anti-Semitic violators.

But little was done. Indeed, as late as last month the school served as host to speakers who praised the 10/7 attacks and even “hijacking airplanes” as “important tactics that the Palestinian resistance have engaged in.”

The school’s lackadaisical approach created a permission structure to menace and harass Jewish students, and that’s what happened. . . . Now is the time finally to do something about this kind of harassment and associated acts of trespass and disorder. Yale did the right thing when police cleared out an encampment [on Monday]. But Columbia remains a daily reminder of what happens when freaks and haters are allowed to impose their will on campus.