In 1943, Slovakia’s pro-Nazi puppet regime confiscated the old Jewish cemetery in Bratislava (known before 1918 as Pressburg)—which dated back to the 17th century—planning to pave it over and build a tram line where it once lay. Somehow, the Bratislava Jewish community managed to convince their rulers to allow them to reinter the bodies and even to preserve the grave of the city’s best-known rabbi, Moses Schreiber (1762-1839), perhaps because the authorities feared that there was a curse placed on his grave. The decision led to the construction of a mausoleum that still survives. Henry Abramson describes the cemetery and its history and tells the story of Schreiber, also known as the Ḥatam Sofer, who played a key role in the development of Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Judaism. (Video, 13 minutes.)

Early Friday morning, Israel attacked military installations near the Iranian cities of Isfahan and nearby Natanz, the latter being one of the hubs of the country’s nuclear program. Jerusalem is not taking credit for the attack, and none of the details are too certain, but it seems that the attack involved multiple drones, likely launched from within Iran, as well as one or more missiles fired from Syrian or Iraqi airspace. Strikes on Syrian radar systems shortly beforehand probably helped make the attack possible, and there were reportedly strikes on Iraq as well.

Iran itself is downplaying the attack, but the S-300 air-defense batteries in Isfahan appear to have been destroyed or damaged. This is a sophisticated Russian-made system positioned to protect the Natanz nuclear installation. In other words, Israel has demonstrated that Iran’s best technology can’t protect the country’s skies from the IDF. As Yossi Kuperwasser puts it, the attack, combined with the response to the assault on April 13,

clarified to the Iranians that whereas we [Israelis] are not as vulnerable as they thought, they are more vulnerable than they thought. They have difficulty hitting us, but we have no difficulty hitting them.

Nobody knows exactly how the operation was carried out. . . . It is good that a question mark hovers over . . . what exactly Israel did. Let’s keep them wondering. It is good for deniability and good for keeping the enemy uncertain.

The fact that we chose targets that were in the vicinity of a major nuclear facility but were linked to the Iranian missile and air forces was a good message. It communicated that we can reach other targets as well but, as we don’t want escalation, we chose targets nearby that were involved in the attack against Israel. I think it sends the message that if we want to, we can send a stronger message. Israel is not seeking escalation at the moment.