In Zionism’s Maritime Revolution, Kobi Cohen-Hattab describes the slow and painful process by which the yishuv developed commercial shipping and fishing, and even a rudimentary navy, in the three decades prior to the declaration of a Jewish state. Matti Friedman writes in his review:
If Jewish maritime efforts ended up succeeding, Cohen-Hattab tells us, it was thanks in part to two important competitions. The first rivalry was with the Arab sailors, workers, and unions who controlled the sea and the Jaffa port, and who became more hostile as Jewish immigration increased. When Arab workers wouldn’t repair Jewish ships, the Jews built their own shipyard in Haifa in 1933. When the Jaffa port became less accessible to Jews and was eventually closed to them altogether amid the anti-Jewish and anti-British riots of 1936, the Zionists opened their port in the city they’d just raised from the sand, Tel Aviv.
The first captain in charge of the port was another of Zionism’s great nautical pioneers: Volodia Itzkovitz, who’d been the only Jewish cadet at the Odessa naval academy and was by then going by the name Ze’ev Hayam, literally, “Wolf of the Sea.”
The second maritime competition of those years, only slightly less bitter, was between the dominant Labor Zionists, led by David Ben-Gurion, and their rivals, the Revisionists of Vladimir Jabotinsky. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Revisionists took the lead in maritime activities and accused the socialists of shamefully neglecting the sea. One of the most vocal Revisionists, Captain Jeremiah Helpern, linked this to ideology: the socialists, he thought, were discouraging fishing as too individualistic and too distant from the communal lifestyle of the kibbutz. The Revisionists set up a sea-training school at Civitavecchia, Italy, where cadets practiced on a boat called Theodor Herzl under the tutelage of an Italian captain until the operation was shut down by Mussolini in 1938.
Read more on Jewish Review of Books: https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/6067/israels-sea-change/