In the past few days, more information has emerged about the murder of Rabbi Zvi Kogan in Dubai. According to Emirati officials, he was killed by three Uzbek nationals, who were arrested in Turkey and are now in custody in the UAE. It is thus possible, writes Jason M. Brodsky, that the killers were working for Islamic State, which has a network in Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries. But the more likely culprit remains Iran, which now seeks unconventional ways to strike at Israel:

The Tehran regime has attempted multiple operations against Israeli and Jewish targets in the Middle East and beyond. There has been an uptick in such plots, from Europe to South America and from Africa to Asia. It has even sought to kill current and former Israeli officials. But its lack of success in such campaigns against protected individuals in Israel’s defense and security establishment has likely increased the pressure from decision-makers in Tehran for lower-level operatives to aim for softer targets such as Rabbi Kogan, who was a Chabad emissary in the UAE. Iran has an extensive apparatus for extra-territorial operations.

However, in the end, the U.S., the UK, and their regional allies and partners cannot allow Iranian attacks against Jews abroad to become normalized. Handling these cases solely as law-enforcement matters will ensure the Iranian leadership continues to calculate that the benefits of such terror outweigh the costs, which are absorbable. This is because mere criminal penalties against three Uzbek nationals do not touch the Iranian leadership. Economic sanctions, diplomatic isolation, and military force are necessary to change the Iranian risk calculus.

In October, a young Mauritanian national murdered an Orthodox Jewish man on his way to synagogue in Chicago. This alone should be sufficient sign of the rising dangers of anti-Semitism. Nathan Diament explains how the Anti-Semitism Awareness Act (AAA) can, if passed, make American Jews safer:

We were off to a promising start when the AAA sailed through the House of Representatives in the spring by a generous vote of 320 to 91, and 30 senators from both sides of the aisle jumped to sponsor the Senate version. Then the bill ground to a halt.

Fearful of antagonizing their left-wing activist base and putting vulnerable senators on the record, especially right before the November election, Democrats delayed bringing the AAA to the Senate floor for a vote. Now, the election is over, but the political games continue.

You can’t combat anti-Semitism if you can’t—or won’t—define it. Modern anti-Semites hide their hate behind virulent anti-Zionism. . . . The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act targets this loophole by codifying that the Department of Education must use the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance’s working definition of anti-Semitism in its application of Title VI.