For one 16th-century child of forced converts, being a Christian in Antwerp alternated with being a Jew in Venice—until being caught and tried by the Inquisition.

Antique Hebrew prayer books discovered in a Dutch synagogue bear pencil markings that show a surprising continuity in ritual practice from then till now. 

The architectural look of 19th-century synagogues in Berlin, Amsterdam, Paris, and London reflected the look of Jewish emancipation and assimilation in each country.