And the rabbi who tried to convert the pope.

When Jews in France were being persecuted, the pope protected those in Carpentras.

In 1555, Pope Paul IV ordered Jews to be confined to separate, closed-off neighborhoods. Soon ghettos appeared in cities throughout Italy, including Rome, where Jews. . .

Two new biographies of Pius XII suggest that, although he was no Nazi sympathizer, his diplomatic accommodations suited Hitler’s long-term purposes, including toward the Jews.